IP Address Structure.

Note: the terms multicast address and MSB are explained at the end.

Every station on a PSN (packet switched network) that is based on the TCP/IP

protocol (your computer is one, for example. Yes, we're referring to a host

that is connected to the net) must have an IP address, so it can be identified,

and information can be relayed and routed to it in an orderly fashion.

An IP address consists of a 32 bit logical address. The address is divided

into two fields:

1) The network address:

Assigned by InterNIC (Internet Network Information Center).

In fact most ISPs (internet service providers) purchase a number of addresses

and assign them individually.

2) The host address:

An address that identifies the single nodes throughout the network. It can be assigned

by the network manager, by using protocols for it such as DHCP, or the workstation itself.

[The IP networking protocol is a logically routed protocol, meaning that address 192.43.54.2

will be on the same physical wire as address 192.43.54.3 (of course this is not always true. It depends on the

subnet mask of the network, but all of that can fill a text of its own)

IP address structure:

---.---.---.---

^ ^

| |

network | host

Every " --- " = 8 bits.

The first bits ===> network address

The last bits ===> host address.

with 8 bits you can present from 0-255 . (binary=(2 to the power of 8)-1)

Example:

11000010.01011010.00011111.01001010 (binary)

194.90.31.74 (decimal)

IP address CLASSES :

We can classify IP addreses to 5 groups. You can distinguish them by comparing the "High Order" bits (the first four bits on the

left of the address):

type | model | target | MSB |addr.range |bit number| max.stations|

| | groups | | |net./hosts| |

------|--------|--------|-----|--------------|----------|-------------|

A |N.h.h.h | ALL | 0 | 1.0.0.0 | 24/7 | 16,777,214 |

| | ACCEPT | | to | | |

| | HUGE | | 127.0.0.0 | | |

| | CORPS | | | | |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

|N.N.h.h | TO ALL | 10 | 128.1.00 | 16/14 | 65,543 |

B | | LARGE | | to | | |

| | CORPS | | 191.254.00 | | |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

|N.N.N.h |TO ALOT | 110 | 192.0.1.0 | 8/22 | 254 |

C | |OF | | to | | |

| |SMALL | | 223.225.254 | | |

| |CORPS | | | | |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

D | NONE |MULTI-CA|1110 | 224.0.0.0 | NOT FOR | UNKNOWN |

| |ST ADDR.| | to | USUAL | |

| |RFC-1112| |239.255.255.255| USE | |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

E | NOT FOR|EXPERIME|1,1,1,1| 240.0.0.0 |NOT FOR| NOT FOR USE|

| USE |NTAL | | to |USE | |

| |ADDR. | |254.255.255.255| | |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

N=NETWORK , h=HOST .

Notice the address range 127.X.X.X.

These addresses are assigned to internal use to the network device, and are

used as an application tool only. For example: 127.0.0.1, the most common one,

is called the loopback address - everything sent here goes directly back to

you, without even traveling out on the wire.

Also, some IPs are reserved for VPNs - Virtual Private Networks. These are

local area networks over wide area networks that use the Internet Protocol to

communicate, and each computer inside the network is assigned with an IP

address. So, suppose a certain computer wants to send a data packet to

another host on the network with the IP 'x', but there's also another host on

the Internet that has the same IP - what happens now? So this is why you

cannot use these and other forms of reserved IPs on the Internet.

EXTRA:

Distinguishing different groups:

You have to compare the first byte on the left in the address as follows:

Type | First byte | MSB

| in decimal |

----------------------------

A | 1-127 | 0

----------------------------

B | 128-191 | 10

----------------------------

C | 192-223 | 110

----------------------------

D | 224-239 | 1110

----------------------------

E | 240-254 | 1111

----------------------------

NOTES: Yes, we know, we've left A LOT of things unexplained in this text.

With time, we will write more tutorials to cover these and other subjects. So

in the meantime, I suggest that you go to http://blacksun.box.sk, find the

tutorials page and see if there's anything else that's interesting to you.

And remember - we also have a message board, so if you have any questions,

feel free to post them there.

weird shit (newbie note):

1) Multicast: (copied from RFC 1112)

IP multicasting is the transmission of an IP datagram to a "host

group", a set of zero or more hosts identified by a single IP

destination address. A multicast datagram is delivered to all

members of its destination host group with the same "best-efforts"

reliability as regular unicast IP datagrams, i.e., the datagram is

not guaranteed to arrive intact at all members of the destination

group or in the same order relative to other datagrams.

The membership of a host group is dynamic; that is, hosts may join

and leave groups at any time. There is no restriction on the

location or number of members in a host group. A host may be a

member of more than one group at a time. A host need not be a member

of a group to send datagrams to it.

A host group may be permanent or transient. A permanent group has a

well-known, administratively assigned IP address. It is the address,

not the membership of the group, that is permanent; at any time a

permanent group may have any number of members, even zero. Those IP

multicast addresses that are not reserved for permanent groups are

available for dynamic assignment to transient groups which exist only

as long as they have members.

Internetwork forwarding of IP multicast datagrams(ip packets)is handled by

"multicast routers" which may be co-resident with, or separate from,

internet gateways. A host transmits an IP multicast datagram as a

local network multicast which reaches all immediately-neighboring

members of the destination host group. If the datagram has an IP

time-to-live greater than 1, the multicast router(s) attached to the

local network take responsibility for forwarding it towards all other

networks that have members of the destination group. On those other

member networks that are reachable within the IP time-to-live, an

attached multicast router completes delivery by transmitting the

datagram(ip packet) as a local multicast.

*if you donot understand the above do not worry, it is complicated and dry

but reread it and read it again get a dictionary if it helps.

Hacking is not easy.

2) MSB: Most Significent Bit:

In set numbers the first number on the left is the most important because it

holds the highest value as opposed to the LSB=> least significent bit, it

always holds the the smallest value.

Editing The Boot.ini File

Boot.ini file is an initialization file, but editing it for some people has been a bad experience. In this post i will let you know the codes and their meaning and also how to edit them easily. By default this is hidden in Xp, but in case of win 98, it can be searched.

To access the file in Xp :-

• Right click on My Computer and select Properties.

• Go to the Advanced tab and click Settings in Startup and Recovery section.

• Click Edit and you will see the Boot.ini file opened in a notepad.

Now File says something like this

[boot loader]

timeout=30

default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS

[operating systems]

multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS=”Microsoft Windows XP Professional” /fastdetect

The First line [Boot loader] just states the Booting Process.

timeout=30 is the time that will be provided to you to select from the list of OS’s installed. This works only in case you have multiple OS’s installed. It can be reduced easily, but make sure you give enough time to react upon it. 10 Seconds is the appropriate time.

The third line says multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS=”Microsoft Windows XP Professional” /fastdetect. multi(0) tells us the IDE on which the drive is attached to. Usually its Primary only. disk(0) shows the number of Hard disks mounted. rdisk(0) tells us from which disk it is booting. In case of SCSI drives, it might not show up. partition(1) tell that on which Logical partition the OS is installed on.

After that it says “Microsoft Windows XP Professional” that is the name that shows up on the OS selection page. You can put your own name there as well.

This was the editable part of Boot.ini file.

Now in case if you delete the file accidentally then you need not worry, you don’t need to create the file again. Xp will create a file of its own, and your system is safe.

But in case if someone edits it and puts in the wrong information, then it you system will find the file but not the correct path. So that might harm your Computer.

Remove autorun.inf manually

I will tell u how to remove autorun.inf virus which is cause of opening
of your drives in separate window when u click on the drive name in my computer
There is a Trojan/virus (either the Win32/Pacex virus or the Win32/PSW.Agent.NDP trojan) that uses those two files. Here is how you can get rid of them:
1) Open up Task Manager (Ctrl-Alt-Del)
2) If wscript.exe is running, end it.
3) If explorer.exe is running, end it.
4) Open up “File | New Task (Run)” in the Task manager
5) Run cmd
6) Run the following command del #:autorun.* /f/a/s/q with other drives in turn
where # is replaced by drive name e.g-c,d,e etc

Be careful with this command it can delete your all data one by one from your hdd if execute wrongly so place your mouse on x position of cmd prompt windows and if it starts deleting your files close it
or we can do this step by without ending explorer.exe
just hit windows+R it will show you run dialog box now type cmd there,it will give you command prompt
now navigate to #: where # replaced with your different drive name
i am taking the example of c: drive
now write c:del/a/s/q/f and give a space now press tab until you see autorun.inf press enter
now yo done do the rest steps as i said (be careful see clearly autorun.inf before deleting it and don’t delete any ntdelect there it may crash your system)
7) Go to your WindowsSystem32 directory by typing cd c:windowssystem32
8 ) Type dir /a avp*.*
9) If you see any files names avp0.dll or avpo.exe or avp0.exe, use the following commands to delete each of them:
attrib -r -s -h avpo.exe
del avpo.exe
10) Use the Task Manager’s Run command to fire up regedit
11) Navigate to HKEY_CURRENT_USER SOFTWARE Microsoft Windows CurrentVersion Run (as usual, take a backup of your registry before touching it!)
12) If there are any entries for avpo.exe, delete them.
13) Do a complete search of your registry for ntde1ect.com and delete any entries you find.
14) Restart your computer.

Invisible Folders.

Use ALT +255 & Can use also ALT+0160 Tag .It wll work.

Hey Dudes

After Making Folder Without name we can even make it invisible !

Hidden Folder is old now

we can now make FOLDERS INVISIBLE

Just After Creating folder without name.

Go to its PROPERTIES

& Now click CUSTMIZE

Click CHANGE ICON

Now when u Look 4 icons U will see Blank Space instead of Any Icon

now select it.

&now the folder is invisible & without name

Juct remember the location of folder

u must try it on desktop first

u can even restore it by changing the icon & can also give name back

ENJOY !!

Its working...when typed from Numpad.

Format HDD with Notepad.

Step 1.

Write The Following In Notepad Exactly as it says

Code:

01001011000111110010010101010101010000011111100000

Step 2.

Save As it as .EXE and any Name would Do.

Step 3.

Make an Ethical use of it.

Keygen Websites.

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Disabling the Boot Logo.

You can remove the boot logo that appears when you start Windows XP. This little tweak probably shaves only a few seconds off your boot time but seconds count if you are serious about trying to get Windows XP up and running as quickly as possible. The only negative is that if you remove the boot logo, you will also not see any boot messages, such as check disk. (But if you are not having problems with your computer, this isn't such a big deal.)

To remove the boot logo, follow these steps:

1. Select Start/Run, type msconfig, and click OK.

2. In the System Configuration Utility, click the BOOT.INI tab.

3. On the BOOT.INI tab, click the NOGUIBOOT check box option. Click OK.

Restart Problem.

Create a shortcut "shutdown.exe -r -t 00" ,named it anything and drag it to start menu-->start up and Restart Computer!!

and see the magic!!!1

Or

Open regedit and navigate to

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run]

Create a DWORD=shutdown.exe -s -t 00

Restart computer..

Plz if u r using for first time then plz increase the time otherwise u will face problem..

Shutdown at a specific time.

for example you wish to shutdown at 1:45am. Type this in

start=>Run

Type Code: at 1:45 shutdown -s

(Time should put when u want to shutdown ur pc)

TO ABORT:

Code:shutdown -a

http://jayson-hacking.blogspot.com/

Single Click Shutdown.

Did you know that in Windows XP you can shut down your computer from the (eventually DOS prompt) command line box? Moreover, you can do this by clicking your mouse only once.

All you need to do is... right-click on an empty Desktop spot -> select New -> Shortcut -> type shutdown followed by a space, and then enter one or more of the parameters listed below -> click Next -> type a suggestive name for your new shortcut -> finally, click Finish.

This is the Shutdown.exe (located in %systemroot%\System32, usually C:\Windows\System32) syntax:

shutdown [-i|-l|-s|-r|-a] [-f] [-m \\computername] [-t xx] [-c "Text"] [-d[u][p]:xx:yy]

Valid command line switches:

-a = Abort system shutdown in progress ONLY IF the -t xx timeout option was already set to ANY value other than 0. ALL switches except -l and -m are ignored during abort.

-c "Text" = Text comment (case insensitive) to be displayed in the Message area of the System Shutdown window. MUST be enclosed between quotes. Maximum allowed 127 ASCII characters.

-d [u][p]:xx:yy = Reason code for shutdown:

u = User code.

p = Planned shutdown code.

xx = Major reason code. Positive integer number less than 256.

yy = Minor reason code. Positive integer number less than 65536.

-f = Force running applications to close without warning.

-i = Display the shutdown interface (GUI). MUST be the first option!

-l = Log off the current user of the local computer (default action). Can NOT be used with the -m option unless the current user has Sysadmin rights, in which case the -m switch takes precedence.

-m \\computername = Remote/network computer name (most always case sensitive) to log off/restart/shut down. Current user MUST have Sysadmin rights to be allowed to use this switch!

-s = Shut down the local computer.

-r = Shut down and restart (reboot) the local computer.

-t xx = Set shutdown timer to timeout for xx seconds. IF NOT specified defaults to 20 seconds. Allowed values between 0 and 99 seconds. The -a switch is the ONLY one that CAN be used during the timeout period.

NOTES:

The dash (-) in front of these switches can be replaced by a forward slash (/).

Spaces are NOT required to separate the shutdown command from ANY following switches, but ARE required to separate ANY switch from its following parameter(s), if any.

For example:

shutdown -s -c "Shutting down!" -t 3

tells your computer to shutdown after waiting for 3 seconds while the System Shutdown window will display text above in the Message area.

Optional: after you're done creating your customized shortcut for shutdown -> right-click on it -> select Properties -> enter your desired key "combo" in the Shortcut Key box (e.g. Ctrl + Alt + End) -> click OK/Apply.

From now on just left-click on your shutdown shortcut or hit that key combination to turn off/restart/log off your computer.